CUTAR WASU: CUTAR KIFI DA MAGUNGUNAN FASAHA, BIYU DA FUSTIC.
Cuta cuta ce ta sabawa lafiya ta al’ada, kuma a cikin noman kifin shine ƙarshen sakamakon mu’amala da abubuwa uku, gami da haɗarin mai masaukin baki, cutar ƙwayoyin cuta, da abubuwan muhalli (damuwa).
Muhimmancin damuwar muhallin da ke fitowa daga gamuwa tsakanin mai cutar da mai masaukin baki ba zai yiwu ba. Kifin da aka ajiye a cikin matsanancin yanayi ana fallasa shi koyaushe ga ɗimbin masu damuwa kuma kifin zai yi ƙoƙarin daidaita su da ilimin lissafi.
Duk da haka, duk wani danniya da ya wuce daidaita kifin zai iya zama mutuwa ko bayar da gudummawa ga kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari ko ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda za su iya kasancewa a cikin ruwa.
A cikin manyan ruwayen ruwa kamar tafkunan ƙasa, magudanan ruwa ko a yanayi, yanayin muhalli galibi yana da ƙarfi. Idan waɗannan yanayi sun canza, kifin na iya yin ƙaura zuwa wuraren da ake rage yawan damuwa.
Amma a cikin ƙaramin tafkuna, kamar ƙyanƙyashe ko kandami na samarwa, ko cikin manyan tankuna, yanayin muhalli na iya canzawa da sauri kuma kifi ba zai iya tserewa ba. Baya ga wannan, ayyukan mutane da yawa kamar ɗorawa / saukewa, canjin ruwa ko magudanar ruwa da ciyarwa suna shafar kifi.
Wannan yanayin damuwa na iya isa ya haifar da cuta a cikin kifin kifi ko kamuwa da parasitic a cikin jama’a, wanda zai iya zama mai mutuwa.
Yawancin kifaye a cikin ƙananan kifayen ruwa suna haifar da ƙarar sharar na rayuwa daga abincin da ba a ci ba, najasa, da sauran abubuwa, wanda ke haifar da raguwar matakan narkar da iskar oxygen.
Bugu da ƙari, tafkuna ko tankuna masu yawan gidajen namun daji kuma suna sauƙaƙe sauƙaƙe nasarar watsa ƙwayar cuta daga kifi ɗaya zuwa wani, yana ƙara yiwuwar tuntuɓar juna tsakanin kifin da ke kamuwa da cutar.
Muhimman cututtuka, cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta na kifin kifin da aka noma na Afirka sune cututtukan kwayan cuta da cututtukan fungal (musamman a farkon rayuwa), da kuma ƙwayoyin cuta daban -daban na ciki da na waje.
Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta har yanzu ba su zama matsala ga noman kifin ba, amma yayin da masana’antar ke haɓaka, cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya haɓakawa, kuma wannan a bayyane yake daga ƙwarewar ƙasashe masu tasowa a cikin aikin kifin da ke da alaƙa., Kamar tashar kifin tashar.
Cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta:
CUTUTTUKAN AFIRKA DA WASU MAGUNGUNAN
Menene manyan cututtukan kwayan cuta a cikin noman kifin? Ana samun kwayoyin cuta a ko’ina kuma ana cewa suna cin abinci akan matattun kwayoyin halitta. Abubuwan da ke taimakawa ci gaban cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da yawaitar mutane, kasancewar matattun kwayoyin halitta a cikin tafkin kifi, ƙarancin narkar da iskar oxygen, da raunin jikin kifin.
Alamomin cutar kwayan cuta sun haɗa da duhu duhu na kifi, rashi, rashi a cikin hanyoyin ruwa, cunkoson kifi a ƙofar ko ƙofar da aka rufe, ja / launin ruwan kasa a jikin kifin, jan ruwa mai gani a gindin ƙusoshi da ɓarkewar ciki.
Za a iya hana ko sarrafa cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta tare da abinci mai dacewa, yanayin ruwa mai tsafta, cire kifin da ya ji rauni / matacce, rijistar da ta dace, da kuma guje wa furannin algal masu yawa.
Ofaya daga cikin alamomin alamun kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta shine ƙimar mutuwa. Da zarar manomi ya lura da karuwar mace -mace, dole ne ya nemi taimako. A gefe guda, mutuwar mutane da yawa yawanci yana haifar da abubuwan muhalli kamar saurin zazzabi, kwararar ruwa, ko kasancewar abubuwa masu guba a cikin ruwa.
Abubuwan da ke kawar da abubuwan da ke haifar da matsaloli tare da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta sune damuwa da ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa, rashin abinci mai kyau, da rashin kulawa. Mafi yawan ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari a cikin kifin kifin na Afirka sune ƙwayoyin cuta da dama masu cutarwa Aeromonas hydrophila da Pseudomonas spp. An kuma ba da rahoton Myxobacteria na haifar da gurɓataccen kifi a cikin kifin Afirka.
MAGANIN CUTUTTUWAN BIYU
Kifin kifin Afirka muhimmin nau’in kifi ne da ke da ƙima mai ƙima, don haka dole ne a yi la’akari da yuwuwar cutar da haɗarin ƙwayoyin cuta don samun nasara a aikin noman kifin.
An yi nufin labarin don amfani dashi azaman jagora ga cutar kifin da sarrafawa. Kamar yadda kuka sani, kaɗan ne aka sani game da cututtukan kifin Afirka da ƙwayoyin cuta. Wannan saboda dabbar tana da tauri sosai kuma tana nuna juriya mafi girma ga cututtuka da ƙwayoyin cuta fiye da sauran kifaye kamar tilapia (wataƙila wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa kifin Afirka ya zama nau’in nasara a Afirka da Gabas. Matsakaici. inda aka gabatar da shi a duk duniya), ko kuma yana iya zama sakamakon ƙarancin ƙarfin noman kifin Afirka.
Ya kamata a lura cewa kifin kifi, kamar kowane nau’in kifin, zai iya zama cikin koshin lafiya ba tare da buƙatar magani ba idan an kiyaye duk yanayin da ake buƙata don haɓaka a matakin mafi kyau, wato, idan yanayi kamar rashin kulawa da kyau, cunkoso, rashin inganci ruwa, rashin isasshen abinci. , yanayi mara tsafta da sauran munanan halaye suna ƙarƙashin kulawa.
Yawancin kamuwa da cuta suna da dama cikin yanayi, suna samun damar kifi lokacin da suke cikin damuwa, kuma garkuwar jiki ta lalace. Don haka, daidaituwa a jikin kifin da muhallin yana haifar da ingantacciyar lafiya, yayin da komai ke haifar da cuta.
An rarrabe cututtuka cikin ƙungiyoyin da ke haifar da cututtuka: ƙwayoyin cuta, fungi, parasites, ƙwayoyin cuta, da sauran cututtukan da ba sa haifar da cutar da abinci ko muhalli ke iya haifarwa.
Mycosis
Wannan na iya zama sakamakon raunin da aka samu yayin da suke aiki, wanda daga baya aka sake kamuwa da fungi.
Fungi suna da wahalar magani kuma saboda haka dole ne a guji su ta hanyar rage nauyin muhalli akan kifin; don haka yakamata a guji ayyukan da zasu iya cutar da kifi.
Mafi yawan fungi mai ban sha’awa na nau’in Saprolegnia galibi ana samun su a cikin cututtukan kamuwa da cuta akan fata na babban kifin da aka ajiye a cikin kifayen ruwa. A lokuta da yawa, saprolegnia yana bayyana jim kaɗan bayan an girbe kifin.
Kwai kifin kifi da tsutsa suna da saurin kamuwa da cututtukan fungal, waɗanda aka san suna da wuyar magancewa yadda yakamata. Saprolegnia shine naman gwari na yau da kullun wanda ke shafar kifin kifi, musamman haɓaka ƙwai, tsutsa, da yara.
Za a iya bi da naman gwari da malachite kore ko zinc-free formalin, methylene blue, ko malachite kore formalin hadaddiyar giyar. Processing: Malachite kore oxalate: Qwai: 500 ppm amma bai wuce dakika 10 ko 0,1 ppm na awa 1 ba. Larvae da yara: 0,15 ppm a cikin tankuna na awa 1 ko 0,2 ppm a cikin kananan tafkuna na awa 1. Formalin: Kwai, tsutsa da soya 10-15 ppm na awa 1. Methylene Blue: Yi amfani da taro na 3-5 ppm don ƙwai, tsutsa da yatsu. Malachite kore / formalin hadaddiyar giyar: a cikin tankuna na 0,5 ppm malachite koren da 100 ppm formalin na mintuna 10. Sodium chloride: Hakanan ana iya amfani dashi da kashi 2%, amma ba shi da tasiri sosai. (An haramta wasu daga cikin waɗannan samfuran don amfani da kifi a wasu ƙasashe, musamman Amurka)
CUTAR BAYANI A HADUWA
Matsalar farko ta kamuwa da ƙwayoyin cuta ita ce cewa babu magani a gare su, amma rigakafi da sarrafawa sune ƙarshen burin manomi mai nasara. Ba a san kaɗan ba game da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta na kifin Afirka. An ba da rahoton ciwo guda biyu na ilmin ilimin da ba a sani ba, wato: 1. Tsinken ciwon hanji. 2. Ciwon karaya.
Ciwon rupture na hanji, wanda ke faruwa musamman a cikin matakin yara (3-5 g), yana nufin tsagewa a cikin wutsiyar hanji.
Karyayyar cutar kai tana nufin lalata gabobin siffa na bishiyu (gabobin numfashi), wanda ke haifar da kumburin kwanyar, wanda ke haifar da karayar kwanya a kaikaice. An kuma ba da rahoton irin wannan ciwo a Clarias batrachus da Clarias macrocephalus a Asiya.
Rashin bayanai kan cututtukan da ke yaɗuwar ƙwayoyin cuta da na kwayan cuta wataƙila saboda shekaru da girman noman kifin na Afirka a nahiyar da sauran wurare. A mafi kyau, ban da farkon bincike kan noman kifin Afirka a shekarun 1960 a Masar, wannan nau’in ya taso ne ta kasuwanci da ƙaramin sikelin da bai wuce shekaru 15 zuwa 20 ba.
Idan aka kwatanta da noman kifi, wanda aka fara a Denmark a 1890, har yanzu noman kifin na Afirka yana cikin ƙuruciya. Muna hasashen cewa yayin da masana’antar ke ƙaruwa kuma ƙudan zuma ke aiki da ƙarfi, ƙarin cututtuka za su bayyana.
Saukewa: Littattafan Noma 15
An gano ƙwayar ƙwayar kifin tashar tana kamuwa da ƙwayoyin C. batrachus kuma babu dalilin da yasa wannan kwayar cutar ba zata iya kamuwa da C. gariepinus shima. An gabatar da kifin Channel zuwa Yammacin Afirka kuma yana iya haifar da haɗari ga nau’in kifin Afirka idan an gabatar da shi tare da baƙon Amurka.
